Prolactin Secreting Pituitary Carcinoma with Extracranial Spread Presenting with Pathological Fracture of Femur

Sir,

Pituitary carcinoma is considered as extremely rare neoplasm and account for 0.1%–0.2% pituitary neoplasm.[1] Pituitary carcinoma carry very poor prognosis. For confirmation of the diagnosis of pituitary carcinoma, require radiological as well histopathological demonstration of the presence of metastases. Pituitary carcinoma may develop due to malignant transformation of preexisting functional hormone secreting benign pituitary adenoma after a varying period of latency, which may extend up to many years after the initial diagnosis ranging from few months to many years. Present with extracranial metastasis. Authors report an interesting case with invasive prolactinoma, who presented with pathological fracture of femur. She underwent surgical management.

Elderly female patient present with a clinical history of progressive swelling and pain with inability to wear weight on lower limbs for the past 4 days. She was a known and diagnosed case of prolactinoma since 2007, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain at previous admission had revealed the presence of pituitary microadenoma of with high serum prolactin (PRL) level and underwent transsphenoidal surgical decompression of pituitary adenoma and also advised medical treatment with dopamine agonist in the follow-up period. She was brought to emergency services at current admission. On neurological examination, she had bitemporal hemianopsia. The serum PRL concentration was 1200 mg/l (normal value < 22 mg/l), where brain computed tomography scan was carried out and revealed the presence of hyperdense mass lesion in sella with extrasellar spread [Figure 1]. MRI brain with sella showed a presence of a sellar mass measuring about of 3.5 cm and extending into the right sphenoidal sinus as well as the cavernous sinus and causing compression the adjacent temporal lobes; MRI of the muscle was present, with diaphyseal metastatic lesion [Figure 2a and b]. The biopsy was suggestive of metastatic deposit of PRL secreting pituitary carcinoma [Figure 3]. The patient was referred to oncological management.

Close

Figure 1

Brain computed tomography scan was carried out and revealed the presence of hyperdense mass lesion in sella with extrasellar spread

Export to PPT

Close

Figure 2

(a and b) Magnetic resonance imaging of the muscle was present, with diaphyseal metastatic lesion

Export to PPT

Close

Figure 3

Biopsy was suggestive of metastatic deposit of prolactin secreting pituitary carcinoma

Export to PPT

Pituitary carcinomas are rare neoplasm, and account for approximately 0.1%–0.2% of all pituitary neoplasm.[1] Pituitary carcinoma is an extremely rare and typically carry very poor prognosis. For confirmation of diagnosis of pituitary carcinoma, which require demonstration of the presence of metastases, which may develop due to malignant transformation of preexisting benign pituitary adenoma after a varied latency period, ranging from few months to many years.[2]

The diagnoses of pituitary carcinomas require presence of the local invasion and also demonstration of systemic metástasis or cerebrospinal metastasis or is necessary.[3] The benign pituitary adenoma can rarely change in its natural course into aggressive tumor, which typically display poor responsive to therapy. Most pituitary carcinomas are usually functional and commonly include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-and PRL secreting carcinomas are the commonest.[2] The pathogenesis of malignant transformation is still ill-understood. However, almost all of the pituitary carcinoma cases occur after the diagnosis and treatment of previously present macroadenoma for the few years and long latency period before metástasis, the median period is about 5 years, however, can range from few months to 18 years.[14] In addition, the past surgical or radiotherapy may also play an important role in the metastatic spread.[5]

Koyama et al. postulated the three pathways for metástasis from the pituitary adenoma are namely hematogeneous spread, surgical site and dissemination within the central nervous system. In hematogeneous spread, the tumor invades dura of the sella and produces metástasis in close vicinity. Surgical site dissemination occurs along the previous surgical tract. Finally, dissemination through cerebrospinal fluid pathways can occur mostly after surgery. In our case, hematogeneous spread was most probable method of metastatic dissemination to the femur.[6]

The majority of reported pituitary carcinomas are the hormone-secreting endocrinological tumor and common subtypes include ACTH – producing tumors (42%), PRL secreting tumors (33%), growth hormone tumors (6%), gonadotropin producing (5%), thyroid stimulating hormone – producing (1%), and nonfunctioning tumors (12%). PRL – producing pituitary carcinomas, such as the case described here, have been reported as the second-most common subtype of pituitary carcinoma. They predominantly occur in males (M: F, 17:9), in middle age (range 14–70 years, mean, 43.6 years), and have a poor prognosis.[7]

Lamas et al. observed the most common locations of metastasis from pituitary carcinoma is are extracranial or intracranial and spinal spread.[8]

Pituitary carcinoma is presumed to arise from the World Health Organization grade II (atypical) pituitary adenomas. Pituitary carcinoma is defined by metastasis; it is otherwise indistinguishable from atypical pituitary adenomas, which can be considered carcinoma in situ. Pituitary carcinoma is difficult to diagnose and treat.[9]

Pernicone et al. noted slight trend toward greater degrees of cytological atypia and a more definite increase in mitotic activity in metastatic lesions in comparison to with primary tumors.[1] Pituitary carcinomas are more aggressive, and usually shows presence of increased MIB-1 labeling index along with p53 staining.[7]

The pituitary carcinomas carry extremely poor prognosis, about < 50% of the cases surviving 1-year after diagnosis.[710] The management of pituitary carcinoma is always challenging.

Pernicone et al. observed pituitary carcinoma show a greater tendency toward systemic metastasis than craniospinal metastasis and are associated with poor prognosis. Radiation therapy and dopamine agonist therapy generally provide only palliation. Proliferation indices and p53 expression tend to be higher in metastases than in primary tumors high mitotic and MIB-1 labeling indices as well as p53 immunoreactivity suggest the diagnosis and appear to be of prognostic significance.[1]

Surgery is usually not curative, but repeated surgical resections of recurrent metastases may appear to prolong the survival in few cases.[1] Radiotherapy is a common adjuvant therapy and used following surgical resection of pituitary carcinoma, however, its role is still debated.[11]

Dopamine agonists may be considered during early management of PRL secreting producing pituitary carcinomas, but resistance typically develops sooner.[4] Various chemotherapy regimen are tried for treatment especially in patients having systemic metastases. Recently, temozolomide is shown to be effective in suppressing and reducing hormone secretions, the symptoms related to tumor growth, and pituitary carcinoma size.[10] However, the response is, at best, temporary, and further research is necessary to elucidate its role in the management of pituitary carcinomas.

Walker et al.[12] observed PRL-secreting tumors of the pituitary carcinoma almost never metastasize extracranially. Authors could find only 5 cases including their own three cases, showing extracranial metastasis. The first patient was 32-year-old, who underwent repeated transsphenoidal resections, also received radiotherapy and high dose somatostatin analog octreotide and chemotherapy. Nine years after the first diagnosis, a liver biopsy was positive for metastatic liver deposit, and on autopsy metastases were seen in both lungs. Second patient was 48-year treated with external vein pituitary radiotherapy, bromocriptine, transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, and chemotherapy after 15 years developed bone swelling, and biopsia revealed carcinoma cells. The third patient was 48-year-old with hypogonadism underwent transcranial decompression and followed by radiotherapy. At autopsy, tumor was also found in thoracic lymph nodes and lung capillaries.[12]

Authors present a case of a pituitary carcinoma in a 73-year-old elderly female was known case of pituitary adenoma with PRL secreting managed surgically and receiving bromocriptine, however, she developed weakness involving one of the lower limbs, MRI showed metastatic deposit in femur. Pituitary carcinoma is a rare disorder. Pituitary adenoma can transform into carcinoma and needs meticulous follow-up endocrinologist, neurosurgeons, and radiologist should be suspicious of such occurrence. She was a known and diagnosed case with a macroprolactinoma in 2007 and developed de novo malignant transformation after many years after diagnosis.