Rare Cranial Nerve Schwannomas: A Retrospective Review of Nontrigeminal, Nonvestibular Cranial Nerve Schwannomas

Olfactory nerve schwannomas

There were a total of 4 patients managed for olfactory groove schwannomas [Table 1 and Figure 1]. Clinical features are detailed in Table 1. Histopathology revealed characteristic biphasic pattern of compact Antoni A and loose Antoni B zones with Verocay bodies with positivity for S-100 and vimentin and focal positivity for CD57 and glial fibrillary acidic protein negative, NEW VERSION: Histopathology revealed characteristic biphasic pattern of compact Antoni A and loose Antoni B zones with Verocay bodies. They were also positive for S-100 and vimentin and showed focal positivity for CD57 while being glial fibrillary acidic protein negative, thus differentiating them from a new entity called olfactory ensheathing cell schwannomas which has similar clinicoradiological features but a different cell of origin and thus does not express CD57. Gross total excision was achieved in all of the cases by careful extra-arachnoid dissection with preservation of the olfactory tract [Figure 1]. Olfaction was preserved in the two patients with no previous deficit. One case had postoperative infection with high-grade fever and septicemia and expired on the 10^th postoperative day with both blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture-growing Klebsiella, which was multidrug resistant. One patient had a transient CSF rhinorrhea, which was managed with a lumbar drain insertion. At follow-up ranging from 6 to 10 years, there has been no recurrence reported.

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Figure 1

(a) Contrast enhanced computed tomography image showing a large heterogenously enhancing lesion in the olfactory groove causing mass effect on both frontal lobes. (b-e) T2 weighted coronal, Fluid attenuation inversion recovery, gradient echo and post gadolinium enhanced T1 weighted Magnetic resonance images showing avid enhancement of olfactory groove lesion with flow voids and perilesional edema. (f) T1 weighted post gadolinium contrast image at follow up showing complete excision of lesion

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Oculomotor nerve schwannoma

Two patients with an oculomotor nerve schwannoma presented with progressive diplopia due to III CN paresis [Table 1]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a tumor, suggestive of a schwannoma, near the brain stem. Both of them underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) – 12 Gy, 50% isodose line, and 96% coverage. MRI at follow-up (average – 1 year) showed significant reduction in the size of lesion [Figure 2a and b].

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Figure 2

(a) Pre-Gamma Knife magnetic resonance imaging of lesion arising near the interpeduncular cistern from the oculomotor nerve. (b) Post-Gamma Knife scan at 12-month follow-up showing reduction in size of lesion

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Abducens nerve schwannoma

There were a total of 3 cases of sixth nerve schwannoma [Table 1]. All of them presented with diplopia on lateral gaze. One patient also had headache and seizures. Radiologically, an isodense lesion on computed tomography (CT) was seen and was hyperintense on T1 and T2 with enhancement on contrast images. One case underwent surgery; subtemporal approach with gross excision of the tumor [Figure 3a and b]. NEW VERSION: One case was approached sub-temporally and underwent gross total excision of tumour [Figure 3a and 3b].

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Figure 3

(a) Preoperative contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (coronal) showing lesion arising from the left cavernous sinus – abducens nerve schwannoma. (b) Postoperative contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging showing complete excision of lesion

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. At follow-up, there were no deficits and no recurrence. The other two patients underwent SRS, and at follow-up at 1-year, the tumor had significantly reduced in size with symptomatic improvement. None of the cases had any features of neurofibromatosis.

Facial nerve schwannomas

A total of seven facial nerve schwannomas were treated. Six of the seven presented as an intrapetrous mass lesion while 1 lesion was seen arising in the pregeniculate region [Table 1 and Figure 4]. All 7 cases presented with sudden onset facial nerve weakness (House–Brackmann Grade III or IV) with the mean duration of symptoms ranging from 6 months to 3 years. Four cases also had associated sensorineural hearing loss of moderate-to-severe grade while 1 patient had conductive type of loss due to possible erosion of the petrous temporal segment. Four cases also had dizziness and unsteadiness of gait with cerebellar signs. All the petrous tumors were >3 cm size and were approached through a middle cranial fossa and transmastoid approach with near gross total tumor resection. The pregeniculate lesion, which was 1.5 cm in size, was subjected to SRS. Nerve preservation was possible in 5 cases, and nerve could not be preserved in 1 case. All patients recovered uneventfully from anesthesia and surgery with no new postoperative deficits. Follow-up was maintained ranging from 12 months to 7 years after surgery (average – 3 years) with no recurrence [Figure 4a and 1b]. However, two patients were subjected to SRS for small residual detected on follow-up scans and have been asymptomatic since.

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Figure 4

(a) Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging showing contrast-enhancing lesion in the right petrous bone eroding the same. (b) Postoperative computed tomography scan showing complete excision of the lesion

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Facial nerve schwannoma

First described by Schmidt in 1930, >300 such cases have been described in literature. The site of origin can be anywhere along the course of the VII CN from the cerebellopontine angle to the extracranial peripheral nerve location.[6] They have been classified based on their site of origin into tympanic, vertical, and the labyrinthine segments. The tympanic is the most common followed by the geniculate segment. Another classification by Sarma et al. divides it into cerebellopontine angle, geniculate, and the tympanomastoid lesions.[7] Clinically, these schwannomas present with facial nerve paralysis or hearing loss and may initially be misdiagnosed as vestibular schwannomas. Hearing deficits may be conductive or sensory/neural, depending on the location of the tumor (i.e., proximal or distal to the geniculate ganglion).[8] CT helps estimate bone damage and planning of surgery. MRI helps evaluate tumor location, size, and extension.[9] Functional tests are necessary to evaluate facial nerve and hearing function. Microsurgery and stereotactic radiosurgery are the therapeutic options. Intraoperative demonstration of the lesion arising from the facial nerve is imperative for the diagnosis and exclusion of other possibilities, especially vestibular schwannomas.[10] Subtemporal, transmastoid, translabyrinthine, and retrosigmoid approaches are the principal routes depending on the site of origin. Preservation of facial nerve function poses the main surgical difficulty. Anatomical nerve conservation, nerve resection with immediate grafting, or delayed hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis are the various options. The main predictive factors of postoperative facial function are the degree and duration of facial paralysis before surgery. King and Morrison[11] and Lipkin et al.[7] discouraged early surgery, especially in young patient with no or minimal facial weakness whereas Symon et al.[12] advised a more aggressive approach with reconstruction if required. Hearing loss of sensorineural generally improved after surgery with conductive loss cases being referred for middle ear reconstruction or tympanoplasty as required.

Olfactory groove schwannomas

In 1968, Sturm et al.[13] reported the first case of olfactory groove schwannoma, and since then, >40 such cases have been reported in the literature. Although olfactory nerve in itself lacks Schwann cells, the formation of schwannomas has been explained by two main theories:[14] the developmental hypothesis which suggests transformation of mesenchymal pial cell into ectodermal Schwann cells or migration of the neural crest cells within the substance of the CNS. The nondevelopmental theory states that these schwannomas may arise from Schwann cells of adjacent normal structures such as the perivascular nerve plexus, meningeal branches of the V^th cranial nerve, and anterior ethmoidal nerve innervating the ACF and olfactory groove. In literature, headache (53%) and seizures (41%) were the most common symptoms with anosmia reported in 46% cases.[15] Radiologically, apparent diffusion coefficient mapping, increased diffusion in cystic areas, and occasional restricted diffusion in the solid areas due to high cellularity are seen. On contrast-enhanced images, dural tail was absent. These features helped in differentiating it from meningioma.[16] Total surgical excision done by careful extra-arachnoidal dissection is possible as the tumor is well encapsulated and a plane of cleavage from olfactory tract is often seen thus allowing the preservation of the same. Careful ACF base repair is necessary to prevent the postoperative CSF rhinorrhea.[17]

Abducens nerve schwannoma

It is an exceedingly rare lesion with 21 cases reported to date.[18] In a large series of 63 individual with NF2, sixth nerve schwannoma was found only in 3 cases.[19] According to the anatomy of the sixth nerve, Tung et al.[20] have divided them into 2 types: Type 1: arising from the cavernous sinus leading to a sixth nerve palsy with or without mild headache and Type II: arising mainly in the prepontine area additionally causing signs of increased intracranial pressure. All cases except 1 presented with sixth nerve palsy with hearing impairment being the second most common symptom. In our series, apart from sixth nerve palsy, seizure was the presenting feature in one case. Imaging findings of CN schwannoma usually show a hypodense to isodense lesion on CT scans. On MRI, they are usually hypointense and hyperintense signal on T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI images, respectively. Cystic changes and a ring enhancement can be seen in some tumors.[20] Intraoperative demonstration of the lesion arising from the abducens nerve is the definitive method for demonstrating the origin. Surgical approaches vary according to the location. For the cavernous sinus and parasellar region lesion, Tung et al.[20] suggested a frontotemporal transcavernous approach, and for lesions in the prepontine region, a simple lateral suboccipital retrosigmoid approach.[21] In our case, the lesion was in the subtemporal region and thus a middle cranial fossa, subtemporal approach was followed. The tumor was peeled off the nerve carefully with preservation of the anatomical continuity.

Third nerve schwannoma

Kovacs[22] in 1927 reported the first case of third nerve schwannoma during an autopsy, and since then, approximately 30 such cases have been reported in the literature.[23] They can be either cisternal, cisternocavernous, or cavernous. The clinical features depend on the location with cisternal schwannomas presenting with isolated CN deficits of the nerve. When these tumors are localized to the cavernous sinus, they can present with either cavernous sinus syndrome or orbital apex syndrome.[23] Gamma Knife radiosurgery is ideal in small tumors while surgery may be necessary in larger ones.

Radiosurgery

The goal of radiosurgery in nonacoustic schwannomas is to achieve tumor control or regression with no new deficits. It consists of mainly two options: radiosurgery or fractionated radiotherapy with proponents on both sides of the spectrum. Huang et al.[24] in their series have demonstrated that nonvestibular schwannomas can be treated with radiosurgery with 9 of the 16 cases having regression and 7 remaining stable in size. In Pollock et al.'s series, on 1 out of the 5 jugular foramen tumors treated experienced regrowth after 7 months.[25] Muthukumar et al.[26] in their series of 18 patients of non-acoustic schwannoma achieved a tumor control rate of 94% with a mean follow-up of 32 months. Our series of 5 cases were treated successfully with none of the cases experiencing any regrowth or any new deficits. Thus, it can be used as treatment arm, especially in tumors located in inaccessible locations where surgery may risk further deficit.

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Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.