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Original Article
11 (
4
); 616-622
doi:
10.1055/s-0040-1716927

Factors Affecting Quality of Life among Post-Stroke Patients in the Sub-Himalayan Region

College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India

Rajesh Kumar, PhD, BSN, MSN College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203 India rajesh.nur@aiimsrishikesh.edu.in

Licence
This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Disclaimer:
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.

Abstract

Abstract

Background Stroke is one of the most debilitating conditions contributing to significant disability and death globally. Identifying risk factors for quality of life (QoL) will enable to improve home-based rehabilitation in post-stroke phase.

Objective This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of QoL in stroke patients in the sub-Himalayan region.

Materials and Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study assessed the QoL among stroke patients within a week after the onset of acute stroke and then re-evaluated at 3 months. World Health Organization QoL-BREF, Beck Depression Inventory, the Barthel Index, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) were used to seek data on QoL, depression, cognitive, and functional dependence status, respectively. Appropriate statistics were used to compute the results.

Results In total, 129 stroke patients recruited, out of which 102 returned to a 3-month follow-up. QoL, MOCA, disability index, and depression score were compared using Wilcoxon Singed-rank test. In multivariate analysis, depression and disability together predicted 60% of the variance for physical QoL (p < 0.0001). Similarly, poststroke depression and disability together predicted 61% of the variance for psychological QoL (p < 0.0001) in stroke patients.

Conclusion Findings indicated that depression and disability are leading risk factors of QoL in stroke patients. Early identification of poststroke depression and functional dependence status is, therefore, essential to devise screening procedure and to develop targeted intervention to improve rehabilitation outcomes.

Keywords

poststroke
depression
disability
cognitive changes
quality of life

Introduction

Stroke is a significant cause of death and disability around the globe.1 However, the use of advanced medical technology significantly reduced the case fatality in the acute stage of stroke. Still, maintaining or improving optimal quality of life (QoL) of stroke patients remains a challenge for health professionals in developing countries, including India. Previous studies reported numerous risk factors associated with compromised QoL in stroke survivors. Gender, age, disability,2 the severity of stroke,3 depression,4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 hypertension, dependency status, poor socioeconomic status, unemployment status,3 12 13 and cognitive impairment3 were reported as accurate predictors of QoL among stroke survivors.

It was highlighted that post-stroke depression associated with higher cognitive impairment,9 14 mortality, increase vulnerability to fall,13 higher disability, and poor rehabilitation outcome.15 16 Further, a bunch of literature mentioned the negative impact of depression on post-stroke rehabilitation and outcome. However, a paucity of literature draws attention to identify the risk factors of QoL in rehabilitation outcome. The study aim is to predict the risk factors of QoL in post-stroke patients.

Materials and Methods

A prospective hospital-based study conducted by enrolling 129 stroke patients within the first week of stroke onset. Study participants were recruited in the study between July 2019 to January 2020 and were re-evaluated (n = 102) at 3 months of follow-up. We included the patients diagnosed by computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in the age group >18 years. Patients with complaints of aneurysm rupture, arteriovenous malformation, and other comorbid conditions such as diagnosed depression, dementia, brain injury, and unable to communicate in Hindi/English language due to aphasia, and on anticoagulation agents, were excluded from the study. The Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approved the study (All India Institute of Medical Sciences/IEC/19/1159). Data are transformed into Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed by using SPPS version 23.0. Frequency, percentage, and mean ± standard deviation were used for descriptive information. Data distribution was considered for the application of inferential statistics. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression and multivariate regression analysis were applied to assess the relationship with QoL.

Demographic and Clinical Variables

Demographic information (e.g., age, gender, occupation, education, employment status, and marital status), family history of stroke/transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), types of stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol, types of smoking, and number of cigarettes/bidi.

World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQoL-BREF): The World Health Organization devise the questionnaire to measure the QoL. It is 26 items self-administered 5 points Likert scale in which items are categorized to measure physical aspects, psychological status, social affairs, and environmental context of an individual. Converting raw score to a 0 to 100 scale gives a measurement of QoL in the individual domain, with a higher score recommend a better QoL. The WHOQoL-BREF is widely used for similar population and translated in a different language for use, including Hindi.17

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): Aaron Beck (1961) developed the scale to determine the extent of severity of depression. The self-rated scale asked the participant to rate their depression symptoms on a 4-point spectrum, with a total score of 0 to 63. Overall score further subdivided into different categories to determine the degree of depression.18 A Hindi version of the scale is used for the present study.19

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA): It is a brief standardized screening instrument used for cognitive impairment.20 The MOCA measures several domains, including attention, naming, language, delayed recall, orientation, and visuospatial. It has a total score range of 0 to 30. One extra point is added to individual received education <12 years. This tool is widely used for cognitive assessment in earlier studies and found reliable and valid for similar sample.21 A score <26 indicates cognitive impairment.

The Barthel Index (BI): This scale is used to measure the extent to which one individual can perform his daily activities independently, that is, feeding, dressing, bathing, grooming, toilet use, bowel-bladder care, stair climbing, ambulation, and chair transfer. A maximum score of 100 represents a patient full independent and 0 indicates a state of total dependence.22 23 The BI is considered reliable disability index to use for stroke population.24

Results

A total of 129 patients enrolled in the study, and only 102 completed the 3-month follow-up. In total, 66.7% were males and 33.3% were females with a mean age of 54 (±14.3) years. Only 24% of patients were employed and married (92.2%), respectively. Similarly, in terms of education, 49.6% of patients were never attended formal schooling in contrast to 17%, educated up to graduation or more.

More than 50% of the patient belonged to the joint family (58.9%) and had family members for support in the care of their patients (22.5%). In terms of stroke-related information, the majority (94.6%) of patients had an ischemic stroke and reported GCS of 8 to 12 at the time of admission (77.5%), 75% of patients said a history of hypertension, followed by myocardial infarction (8.5%), high cholesterol (11.6%), diabetes mellitus (27.9%), and stroke or TIA (88.4%).

In terms of the history of smoking, 32.5% of patients were using one or another form of tobacco products, while 16.4% were using smokeless tobacco products. Total 34.1% of patients were using more than six cigarettes/bidi per day. Baseline score of MOCA was 18.16 ± 5.12, BDI was 20.72 ± 11.17, and BI score was 15.10 ± 5.24 (Table 1).

Table 1
Demographics of study population at baseline (n = 129)

Variables

Categories

f (%)

(n = 129)

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BI, Barthel Index; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; H/O, history of; HTN, hypertension; MI, myocardial infarction; MOCA, montreal cognitive assessment; QoL, quality of life; SD, standard deviation; TIA, transient ischemic attack.

Age (y)

Mean ± SD

53.84 ± 14.3

Gender

Male

86 (66.7)

Female

43 (33.3)

Occupation

Employed

31 (24)

Unemployed

98 (76)

Marital status

Unmarried

10 (7.7)

Married

119 (92.2)

Education

Informal education

64 (49.6)

Up to 10th passed

21 (16.3)

Up to 12th passed

22 (17.1)

Graduate and above

22 (17.0)

Type of family

Joint family

76 (58.9)

Nuclear family

53 (41.1)

Dependency on family

Not dependent

47 (36.4)

Partial dependent

53 (41.1)

Completely dependent

29 (22.5)

Stroke characteristics

Family H/O Stroke/TIA

Yes

15 (11.6)

Types of stroke

Ischemic

122 (94.6)

Hemorrhagic

07 (5.4)

GCS

8–12

100 (77.5)

>13

29 (22.5)

Comorbid characteristics

H/O HTN

Yes

97 (75.2)

H/O MI

Yes

11 (8.5)

H/O cholesterol

Yes

15 (11.6)

H/O diabetes mellitus

Yes

36 (27.9%)

H/O stroke or TIAs

Yes

114 (88.4%)

Types of smoking

Smoking

42 (32.5)

Smokeless

21 (16.4)

Number of Cigarettes/bidi/day

<6

15 (11.6)

≥6

44 (34.1)

MOCA, mean (SD)

18.16 ± 5.12

BI, mean (SD)

15.10 ± 5.24

BDI, mean (SD)

20.72 ± 11.17

(Table 2) represents the finding of an association of various domains of QoL with gender, age, types of stroke, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of stroke patients. Older patients (>50 years) shows significant statistical association with environment and social QoL. However, these findings remain nonsignificant for physical and psychological QoL. Further, it is that a higher GCS score at admission reported statistically significant association with better physical, psychological, maintaining social relationships, and better adjust to environment QoL domains in the poststroke rehabilitation phase (Table 2).

Table 2
Association of patient characteristics with domains of quality of life

Variables

Physical QoL

Psychological QoL

Social QoL

Environment QoL

Abbreviations: GCS, Glasgow coma scale; QoL, quality of life.

a p < 0.05.

Age (y)

<50

>50

460.5 ± 13.62

47.32 ± 12.48

57.35 ± 16.17

59.10 ± 15.27

69.10 ± 10.08

71.35 ± 9.92

50.80 ± 15.49

56.97 ± 12.48

p-Value

0.567

0.577

0.037a

0.012a

Gender

Male

Female

46.47 ± 13.96

46.67 ± 9.98

58.22 ± 16.73

58.87 ± 12.62

69.97 ± 11.11

71.67 ± 6.58

54.83 ± 14.63

53.87 ± 12.47

p-Value

0.777

0.905

0.721

0.941

Types of stroke

Ischemic

Hemorrhagic

46.82 ± 13.02

47.00 ± 1.39

58.49 ± 15.68

56.50 ± 14.43

70.29 ± 10.16

75.00 ± 0.000

54.17 ± 14.03

50.50 ± 14.43

p-Value

0.927

0.797

0.510

0.554

GCS

9–12

≥13

44.05 ± 11.93

55.83 ± 11.89

55.05 ± 14.77

69.33 ± 13.13

69.72 ± 1.05

72.92 ± 7.49

0.92 ± 12.27

66.33 ± 12.89

p-value

0.0001a

0.0001a

0.0001a

0.0001a

Table 3 represents the status of baseline and 3-months follow-up on depression, functional dependence level, cognitive status, and QoL in stroke patients. Depression, functional dependence, cognitive changes, and all four domains of QoL noticed a statistically significant improvement at 3-month follow-up. (Table 3) summarized findings on Wilcoxon signed-rank test result.

Table 3
Summary of Wilcoxon signed-rank test result

Variables

Baseline

(Mean ± SD)

Follow-up

(Mean ± SD)

Z-score

p-Value

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BI, Barthel Index; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QoL, quality of life; SD, standard deviation.

a p < 0.05.

BDI Score

20.72 ± 11.17

10.62 ± 9.11

−7.856

0.0001a

MOCA Score

18.16 ± 5.12

21.20 ± 3.61

−7.759

0.0001a

BI Score

15.10 ± 5.24

18.47 ± 3.27

−7.59

0.0001a

Physical QoL

44.84 ± 21.57

46.82 ± 12.88

−3.267

0.001a

Psychological QoL

43.11 ± 19.10

58.41 ± 15.57

−7.342

0.0001a

Social QoL

62.73 ± 13.40

70.47 ± 9.99

−5.735

0.0001a

Environment QoL

44.86 ± 14.64

54.55 ± 13.99

−7.136

0.0001a

Table 4 shows the correlation between the QoL and BDI, MOCA, and the Barthel Index (BI). Findings reveal that depression has a negative relationship with all four domains of QoL— physical, psychological, social, and environment—indicates that patient with higher depression has a poor QoL in stroke rehabilitation. Conversely, MOCA found a significant positive correlation with physical and psychological QoL, which indicates that higher or improved cognition status will enable the patient to manage his physical and psychological health in a better way as compared with their counterparts. Similarly, functional independence index (BI) shows a positive correlation with physical, psychological, and social QoL—suggesting functionally dependent patients have a poor QoL in physical, psychological, and social relationship domains (Figs. 1 2 3 4).

Table 4
Relationship between World Health Organisation Quality of Life and Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index

Characteristic

Variable

r

p-Value

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BI, Barthel Index; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QoL, quality of life.

a p < 0.01.

Physical QoL

Depression

MOCA

BI

−0.729a

0.338a

0.482a

<0.000

<0.001

<0.000

Psychological QoL

Depression

MOCA

BI

−0.745a

0.340a

0.457a

<0.000

<0.000

<0.000

Social QoL

Depression

MOCA

BI

−0.029

0.047

0.278a

0.773

0.640

<0.005

Environment QoL

Depression

MOCA

BI

−0.617a

0.157

0.190

<0.000

0.116

0.055

Fig. 1 Correlation coefficient of Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index with physical quality of life.

Fig. 1 Correlation coefficient of Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index with physical quality of life.

Fig. 2 Correlation coefficient of Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index with Social quality of life.

Fig. 2 Correlation coefficient of Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index with Social quality of life.

Fig. 3 Correlation coefficient of Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index with psychological quality of life.

Fig. 3 Correlation coefficient of Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index with psychological quality of life.

Fig. 4 Correlation coefficient of Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index with environment quality of life.

Fig. 4 Correlation coefficient of Beck Depression Inventory, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and Barthel Index with environment quality of life.

Bivariate linear regression used to detect the predictor of various domains of QoL. The factors show significant association with QoL regression analyses are shown in (Table 5). Depression and cognitive changes were significantly associated with worse physical health, negative psychological consequences, and poor environment adjustment on univariate analysis. Similarly, functional dependence was significantly associated with worse physical, psychological, and social domains of QoL. (Table 5) summarized the findings on predictors of QOL.

Table 5
Bivariate linear regression for prediction of quality of life

Dependent variable

Predictors

Unstandardized beta (B)

95% CI

Unadjusted R Square

p-Value

Lower

Upper

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BI, Barthel Index; CI, confidence interval; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QoL, quality of life.

a p < 0.05.

Physical QoL

BDI

−1.042

−1.238

−0.846

0.532

0.0001a

MOCA

1.205

−0.538

1.871

0.114

0.001a

BI

1.896

−1.211

2.581

0.232

0.0001a

Psychological QoL

BDI

−1.286

−1.517

−1.055

0.555

0.0001a

MOCA

1.466

0.661

2.271

0.116

0.0001a

BI

2.173

1.333

3.013

0.209

0.0001a

Social QoL

BDI

−0.032

−0.254

0.189

0.001

0.773

MOCA

0.130

−0.419

0.678

0.002

0.640

BI

0.850

0.268

1.432

0.077

0.005a

Environment QoL

BDI

−0.957

−1.202

−0.713

0.381

0.0001a

MOCA

0.607

−0.152

1.367

0.025

0.116

BI

0.813

−0.019

1.646

0.420

0.055

Risk Factor Related to Quality of life: Multivariate Logistic Regression

The result of analyses to identify independent factors (BDI, BI, and MOCA) that influence QoL are reported in Table 6. Higher depression and functionally dependent status were reported as a negative factor for the compromised QoL in stroke patients. The regression model reported two predictors (BDI and BI) with 60.4% of the variance (R2 = 0.604) for physical QoL. Similarly, BDI and BI are reported independent predictor for psychological QoL with 61% variance (R = 0.610). Other outcomes variables such as cognitive changes (MOCA), age, gender, marital status, education, smoking status, types of family, and dependency status on the family for treatment were not significant. The results are summarized in Table 6.

Table 6
Multivariate logistic regression for quality of life risk factors

Characteristics

Variables

Unstandardized beta (B)

Beta

95% CI

p-Value

Lower

Upper

Abbreviations: dependent variable: physical BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BI, Barthel Index; CI, confidence interval; MOCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; QoL, quality of life.

a p < 0.05

Physical QoL

(R square-0.604)

BDI

−0.940

−0.658

−1.140

−0.740

0.0001a

MOCA

−0.316

−0.089

−0.876

−0.245

0.266

BI

1.280

0.316

0.657

1.903

0.0001a

Psychological QoL

(R square-0.610)

BDI

−1.175

−0.680

−1.415

−0.935

0.0001a

MOCA

−0.318

−0.074

−0.990

0.354

0.350

BI

1.356

0.277

0.608

2.103

0.001a

Discussion

The interface between stroke and depression is extremely complex; the pathophysiological process has not as yet been wholly explicated. Numerous studies identified the risk factors for QoL in post-stroke phase, but an array of inconsistent results depicted relying on the assessment tools, studied the subject, and use of different diagnostic criteria.25 Our study explored the risk factors of QoL in stroke patients at 3-month of follow-up in the sub-Himalayan region. Study findings reported a statistically significant difference in BDI, BI, various QoL domains, and MOCA at 3 months—indicating a significant improvement in depression, functional dependence, QoL, and cognitive changes in post-stroke phase.

Previous studies reported similar findings for improvement in depression, cognitive changes, functional dependence, and QoL at a different stage of follow-ups in stroke patients.26 27 28 29 Similarly, cognitive improvement is reported in post-stroke phase at 6 and 12 weeks after acute stroke.30 31 Further, current findings reported a negative relationship of depression with various domains of QoL at 3-month follow-up. These findings are in line with the earlier work reported post-stroke depression as one of the common complications, have a detrimental impact on the QoL, resulting from poor health outcomes and even higher mortality in stroke patients.32 33 Many other study findings from India,34 Spain,13 and Melbourne35 also reported consistent results.

Likewise, there is a negative correlation between functional dependence and physical, psychological and social domains of QoL. Some of the previous studies3 36 37 38 are in agreement with our findings reported that being more dependent had worse QoL and poor health outcome among stroke patients.34 39

Further, depression, cognitive changes, and functional dependence (BI) were established risk factors for the poor QoL in stroke patients. These findings are in agreement with many earlier studies conducted on stroke patients reported depression3 34 36 37 38 and functional dependence34 40 41 42 as valid predictors of QoL in stroke patients.

Limitations of the work benefit attention. Our findings may not be extrapolated to the general stroke population because we excluded the patients with psychiatric comorbidities, depression and anxiety, and cognitive or speech problem. Therefore, it is challenging to say the exact influence of stroke on various domains of QoL. Second, the follow-up time was limited to 3 months only, which further limit tfighe long-term changes in functional dependence, cognitive changes and depression and their subsequent impact on health status or stroke outcome. We did not calculate the sample size for the work; however, a sample toward the higher side is chosen but, still the chance of Type II error may not be excluded. The study comprises a sample from the sub-Himalayan region only, which itself represent a different geographical plot and sociocultural disparities.

Despite these limitations, the study represents close and consistent findings for depression and functional status as accurate predictors for QoL in stroke patients. These findings remain universal around the globe and could be implicated to the sub-Himalayan region or North Indian Territory, but with a caution to use to the other region of the country.

Conclusion

There was a significant change in QoL, depression, functional dependence, and cognitive changes in the post-stroke period. Post-stroke QoL found dependent on depression, functional dependence, and cognitive status in stroke patients. Still, it is not late to think about devising a scheme for timely screening for post-stroke depression in follow-up and developing the targeted intervention.

Ethical Approval

This study obtained its permission from AIIMS/IEC/19/1159.

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

Funding The project was funded as STS project by All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203.

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