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Hindi translation of Berlin questionnaire and its validation as a screening instrument for obstructive sleep apnea
Address for correspondence: Dr. Ravi Gupta, Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Clinic, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Dehradun - 248 016, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail: sleepdoc.ravi@gmail.com
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Abstract
Background:
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a fairly common problem with adverse health consequences. However, any screening questionnaire is not available in Hindi to screen sleep apnea.
Materials and Methods:
Subjects undergoing video-synchronized in laboratory attended polysomnography were requested to participate in this study. They were screened with the help of Hindi version of Berlin questionnaire (BQ). Outcome of the BQ was tested against the gold standard polysomnography. Descriptive statistics, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of Hindi version were calculated.
Results:
38 patients with polysomnography diagnosed OSA and 12 controls were included in this study. Average body mass index (BMI) in the OSA group was 33.12 + 6.66 kg/m2 whereas in the control group BMI was 25.01 + 4.20 kg/m2. Average age in the OSA group was 48.9 + 10.2 years whereas the control group was older (56.9 + 12.1 years). Hindi version had sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 58%. PPV of the instrument was 0.87 whereas NPV was 0.63.
Conclusion:
Hindi version of BQ is a valid tool for screening the OSA irrespective of the literacy status of the subjects.
Keywords
Hindi
obstructive-sleep-apnea
screening
Introduction
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a repetitive obstruction or closure of the upper airway, causing a partial or complete disturbance in breathing during sleep.[1] Situation is not very different in India as a survey from North India had estimated the prevalence of OSAs at 3.6% (males and females being 4.9% and 2.1%, respectively) and OSA was 13.7%.[2] Thus, the prevalence for OSA in India is close to that of its prevalence in the West.
Patients with OSA are at a higher risk for several comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and occupational and motor vehicle accidents.[34] Despite the several adverse health consequences of OSA, it remains largely undiagnosed in the general population. Up to 85% of those with OSA have not been diagnosed with the disorder.[5]
The best person to pick the OSA can be the primary care physician or the family physician, who are the most frequent contact points for the patients with OSA.[6] Currently, polysomnography is the gold standard for the evaluation of OSA; however, because of its expensiveness and the limitations of its access, it cannot be used regularly as the screening test.[7] The difficulty involved in obtaining an OSA diagnosis has led to the development of questionnaires which can assist healthcare providers in the recognition of OSA. One of these screening questionnaires is Berlin questionnaire (BQ).[8] The BQ is an instrument validated to use in the Western population to determine the occurrence of risk factors for OSA/hypopnea syndrome and is originally available in English.[8] It has been translated into various languages throughout the world.[9101112] In India, where majority of the population is Hindi speaking, it is essential to translate BQ into Hindi to recognize OSA, especially at the Primary health care level. Thus, this study was planned to translate the BQ in Hindi and validate it against the standard overnight video-synchronized polysomnography.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted in the Sleep Clinic of a teaching hospital after obtaining permission of Institutional Ethics Committee. Subjects who underwent the level-1 polysomnography in the sleep laboratory of the institute for suspected OSA or unexplained chronic insomnia were approached for participation in the study after explaining them the rationale of the study. Those patients who gave consent for participation were included. Subjects having active respiratory or cardiac problems that could interfere with the polysomnography or administration of BQ were excluded from the study.
After inclusion in the study, demographic details of the subjects were recorded. Thereafter, the Hindi version H4 of BQ was read aloud to control for literacy status. Wherever any of the subjects experienced any difficulty in understanding the language, it was explained to the patient and that problem was noted.
Hypertension was defined as the systolic blood pressure (BP) of 140 mmHg or diastolic BP of 90 mmHg or when the subjects had documented systemic hypertension in medical records and were on antihypertensive medication.[13] Height and weight were measured using stadiometer (within 1 cm) and weighing machine (accuracy of + 1 kg). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated manually.
Berlin questionnaire
The BQ is composed of three categories of symptoms, five questions are related to snoring and cessation of breathing in category 1, four questions are related to daytime sleepiness in category 2; there is a question about high BP and also a question about the BMI in category 3.[8] In category 1 and 2, high risk was defined as persistent symptoms (>3–4 times/week). In category 3, high risk was defined by the presence of hypertension (>140/90 mmHg or use of medication) or a BMI >30 kg/m2. Patients and control subjects were classified as having a high risk for OSA if scores were positive on two or more categories.[8] The questionnaire has demonstrated the Cronbach's correlations of 0.86–0.92 with sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 77%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 89%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 72%, and a likelihood ratio of 3.79.[8]
Translation procedure
The scale in English was translated into Hindi by two bilingual personages individually as per the guidelines.[14] The two versions H1 and H2 were then matched, discussed in the presence of a third bilingual person, and with consensus, a Hindi translated version H3 was produced. The version H3 was then translated back to English by two bilingual personages individually to get version B1 and B2. After a process of discussion and matching, a final back-translated version B3 was arrived at in consultation with the third bilingual person. The back-translated version B3 was matched with the original BQ.
The minor discrepancies between the B3 with original BQ were corrected. This led to some corroborating corrections in H3 leading to a final translated Hindi version the H4. The version H4 was agreed by all translators and an author having expertise in Sleep Medicine (team of 6 persons) to be the final Hindi translation of the original BQ and was employed for testing the validity and specificity. Word or a phrase of an item or the response which, most of the study subjects found difficult to understand was changed to make it simpler and thus, version H5 was reached.
Polysomnography
Overnight 24-channel video-synchronized polysomnography was done in the sleep laboratory using Alice-5 Diagnostic Sleep System (Philips Respironics). Each of the subjects was explained the procedure in detail beforehand and was acclimatized to the environment of sleep laboratory. The study was conducted during the night time. Raw data were scored according to the guidelines proposed by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine by a trained sleep physician.[15] Subjects who were found to have OSA served as cases whereas subjects with negative polysomnographic report for OSA were considered as controls.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was done with the help of SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Descriptive statistics was calculated. The sensitivity and specificity were formulated using a 2 × 2 contingency table. Results obtained from the Hindi version of BQ were validated against the results of polysomnography.
Results
In this study, a total of 50 subjects were included out of which, 70% were male. Average age of the male was 48.2 + 11.6 years which was comparable to the females (47.8 + 9.9 years) (t = 0.1; P = 0.9). The group was dominated by the subjects with OSA (76%) as diagnosed by polysomnography. Other subjects included in this study were suffering from chronic unexplained insomnia. OSA on polysomnography was seen in 77.7% men and 71.4% women in this group (χ2 = 0.22; P = 0.63). Average BMI in the OSA group was 33.12 + 6.66 kg/m2 whereas in the control group BMI was 25.01 + 4.20 kg/m2.
Average age in the OSA group was 48.9 + 10.2 years whereas the control group was older (56.9 + 12.1 years).
Translation procedure
No major linguistic issue was noticed during the forward translation and back translation, i.e. H1, H2, H3 and B1, B2, and B3. B3 was close to the original questionnaire. However, after it has been given to the study subjects, some changes had to be made to convey the intended content of the item. First, item 4 had the word “how often” which was translated to “kitni baar” in Hindi. However, without the responses associated with this item, it became difficult to ascertain the “time frame” for which the frequency was to be ascertained. However, it was left as such because it matched with the language of original questionnaire and subjects included in the study did not find it difficult. Second, in item 7 of the original questionnaire, “after sleep” was translated to “sone ke baad.” However, subjects find it difficult to understand and hence, in the H5 version, it was changed to “sokar uthane ke baad.” Third, in item numbers 7 and 8 phrase “tired and fatigued” and “tired, fatigued, and not up to par” were translated to one word “thakaa huyaa” as we could not find any specific Hindi word for both these terms. Finally, in item number 10, H4 version had “uchcha rakta chaap” for the “high BP” in the original questionnaire. However, many subjects reported difficulty in understanding it and hence “high BP” was mentioned in Hindi script in the parenthesis in version H5 [
Psychometric properties of Hindi version
Table 1 depicts the data of the outcome on the H5 version of BQ where the polysomnography is considered as the gold standard. This table showed that the Hindi version had a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 58%. PPV of the instrument was 0.87 whereas NPV was 0.63.
Discussion
This study shows that Hindi translation of the BQ may be used for the screening of OSA in general population as we have included subjects with and without clinical suspicion of OSA. It has been found to be a valid tool as compared to the overnight polysomnography. In this study, we have found that it was sensitive.
Like the present study, previous studies have also found the male predominance in the OSA group.[1016] We observed a difference in the age and the BMI between the cases and controls and this was related to the fact that controls had clinically unexplained chronic insomnia and study was not done for the suspected OSA. This also relates to the fact that control group was older than the OSA group in this study. The control group in one of the studies was younger with lesser BMI.[16] This was related to the fact that polysomnography in all patients was done for the suspected OSA in that study.[16]
The sensitivity of the Hindi version of BQ was found to be 89%. The translated version of BQ in other language has found comparable sensitivity. Sensitivity in the earlier translated versions had varied from 59% to 97% depending upon the severity of OSA and control group included in the study.[9101112] One Indian study that has used the modified BQ used both Hindi and English versions and found that the sensitivity was 86%.[16] It has been found that sensitivity increases with increasing severity of OSA, which is often measured by the apnea-hypopnea index.[12] We did not study the differential sensitivities among different grades of OSA because of the small number of subjects; however, this should be done in future.
Similarly, specificity has been reported to vary between 17% and 90% among different studies.[910111216] This variation is related to the fact that BQ is a self-reported questionnaire and many patients with OSA are not aware of their symptoms, hence, they respond to items differently as seen in one study.[10] High degree of specificity was observed when some assistance was provided to the patients to fill the questionnaires.[91116] Poor specificity could be related to the design of the questionnaire. Low degree of correlation has been found between snoring or excessive daytime sleepiness and OSA on sleep study.[171819] BQ has four items that address the snoring and two that asks for daytime fatigue or sleepiness. This is why its use as a diagnostic tool has been questioned, while has been advocated for the screening.[18] We have found the specificity was 58% which was lesser than some of the studies mentioned above and this could be related to the fact that items were answered by the subjects themselves. Thus, it appears that with the assistance of bed partner, BQ may be used as a screening tool with higher specificity.[20]
During the translation, we found some cultural issues with the use of some of the phrases and hence, the final version showed some minor deviation from the original scale, however, conveyed the same information as intended in the original instrument. This approach has been advocated in one of the papers addressing this issue and is acceptable.[14]
However, small sample size, especially that of the control group was a limitation. Similarly, this study included only adult patients and hence, validity of this questionnaire in the pediatric population is not established. We also did not check the psychometric properties among different groups based upon the severity of OSA.
Conclusion
It has been found that Hindi version of BQ is a valid tool to screen OSA with a high degree of sensitivity. All the subjects, irrespective of their literacy status, did not find any difficulty in understanding the items or the responses of this questionnaire.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
We are thankful to Dr. NC. Netzer for allowing us to translate the Berlin questionnaire in Hindi.
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